29 CFR 1926 · Construction · Subpart Z

1926.1153(c): Silica Table 1 Exposure Control Methods

By Black Belt Safety Editorial Team Official text as of octubre 15, 2026 Data updated octubre 20, 2026 9 min read

In plain words:

Employers must fully and properly use the engineering controls, work practices and respirator protection listed in Table 1 for each worker doing a task on that table, unless they instead assess and limit worker exposure to respirable crystalline silica under the exposure assessment option. Table 1 covers tasks such as saws, drills, grinders and similar equipment, often requiring water delivery or dust collection.

Key takeaways

  • 1926.1153(c) is part of OSHA's construction standards (29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart Z).
  • OSHA cited it 932 times in the last 3 years, in 924 inspections, with $2,766,454 in current penalties.
  • 4 deaths are linked to inspections that cited this rule.
  • Most citations: IL (126), MI (106), GA (83).
  • Related part: 1926.1153(c)(1) (914 citations).
  • Free 5-minute toolbox talk for your crew below.
932citations, 3 years
$2,766,454current penalties
924inspections
4linked deaths
In this article
  1. What this rule covers
  2. Official text
  3. Injuries linked to this rule
  4. Where and how often it was cited
  5. Free toolbox talk
  6. OSHA interpretation letters
  7. Related parts of this rule
  8. Get your crew competent
  9. Frequently asked questions
  10. About this page

What this rule covers

29 CFR 1926.1153(c) ("Specified exposure control methods") is one requirement inside 1926.1153 Respirable crystalline silica, an OSHA construction standard (Part 1926, Subpart Z). It includes 12 sub-paragraphs. The official text below is copied word for word from the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). The numbers, injury cases and training on this page show how OSHA enforces it on real job sites.

Official text

(c) Specified exposure control methods. 932 citations

(1) For each employee engaged in a task identified on Table 1, the employer shall fully and properly implement the engineering controls, work practices, and respiratory protection specified for the task on Table 1, unless the employer assesses and limits the exposure of the employee to respirable crystalline silica in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section. Open (c)(1) 914 citations

Table 1—Specified Exposure Control Methods When Working With Materials Containing Crystalline Silica

Equipment/task Engineering and work practice control methods Required respiratory protection and minimum assigned protection factor (APF)
≤4 hours/shift >4 hours/shift
(i) Stationary masonry saws Use saw equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the blade None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
(ii) Handheld power saws (any blade diameter) Use saw equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the blade
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions:
—When used outdoors None APF 10.
—When used indoors or in an enclosed area APF 10 APF 10.
(iii) Handheld power saws for cutting fiber-cement board (with blade diameter of 8 inches or less) For tasks performed outdoors only:
Use saw equipped with commercially available dust collection system
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions

None

None.
Dust collector must provide the air flow recommended by the tool manufacturer, or greater, and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency
(iv) Walk-behind saws Use saw equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the blade
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions:
—When used outdoors None None.
—When used indoors or in an enclosed area APF 10 APF 10.
(v) Drivable saws For tasks performed outdoors only:
Use saw equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the blade None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
(vi) Rig-mounted core saws or drills Use tool equipped with integrated water delivery system that supplies water to cutting surface None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
(vii) Handheld and stand-mounted drills (including impact and rotary hammer drills) Use drill equipped with commercially available shroud or cowling with dust collection system None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Dust collector must provide the air flow recommended by the tool manufacturer, or greater, and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a filter-cleaning mechanism
Use a HEPA-filtered vacuum when cleaning holes
(viii) Dowel drilling rigs for concrete For tasks performed outdoors only:
Use shroud around drill bit with a dust collection system. Dust collector must have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a filter-cleaning mechanism APF 10 APF 10.
Use a HEPA-filtered vacuum when cleaning holes
(ix) Vehicle-mounted drilling rigs for rock and concrete Use dust collection system with close capture hood or shroud around drill bit with a low-flow water spray to wet the dust at the discharge point from the dust collector None None.
OR
Operate from within an enclosed cab and use water for dust suppression on drill bit None None.
(x) Jackhammers and handheld powered chipping tools Use tool with water delivery system that supplies a continuous stream or spray of water at the point of impact:
—When used outdoors None APF 10.
—When used indoors or in an enclosed area APF 10 APF 10.
OR
Use tool equipped with commercially available shroud and dust collection system
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Dust collector must provide the air flow recommended by the tool manufacturer, or greater, and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a filter-cleaning mechanism:
—When used outdoors None APF 10.
—When used indoors or in an enclosed area APF 10 APF 10.
(xi) Handheld grinders for mortar removal (i.e., tuckpointing) Use grinder equipped with commercially available shroud and dust collection system APF 10 APF 25.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Dust collector must provide 25 cubic feet per minute (cfm) or greater of airflow per inch of wheel diameter and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a cyclonic pre-separator or filter-cleaning mechanism
(xii) Handheld grinders for uses other than mortar removal For tasks performed outdoors only:
Use grinder equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the grinding surface
None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
OR
Use grinder equipped with commercially available shroud and dust collection system
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Dust collector must provide 25 cubic feet per minute (cfm) or greater of airflow per inch of wheel diameter and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a cyclonic pre-separator or filter-cleaning mechanism:
—When used outdoors None None.
—When used indoors or in an enclosed area None APF 10.
(xiii) Walk-behind milling machines and floor grinders Use machine equipped with integrated water delivery system that continuously feeds water to the cutting surface None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
OR
Use machine equipped with dust collection system recommended by the manufacturer None None.
Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Dust collector must provide the air flow recommended by the manufacturer, or greater, and have a filter with 99% or greater efficiency and a filter-cleaning mechanism
When used indoors or in an enclosed area, use a HEPA-filtered vacuum to remove loose dust in between passes
(xiv) Small drivable milling machines (less than half-lane) Use a machine equipped with supplemental water sprays designed to suppress dust. Water must be combined with a surfactant None None.
Operate and maintain machine to minimize dust emissions
(xv) Large drivable milling machines (half-lane and larger) For cuts of any depth on asphalt only:
Use machine equipped with exhaust ventilation on drum enclosure and supplemental water sprays designed to suppress dust
None None.
Operate and maintain machine to minimize dust emissions
For cuts of four inches in depth or less on any substrate:
Use machine equipped with exhaust ventilation on drum enclosure and supplemental water sprays designed to suppress dust None None.
Operate and maintain machine to minimize dust emissions
OR
Use a machine equipped with supplemental water spray designed to suppress dust. Water must be combined with a surfactant None None.
Operate and maintain machine to minimize dust emissions
(xvi) Crushing machines Use equipment designed to deliver water spray or mist for dust suppression at crusher and other points where dust is generated (e.g., hoppers, conveyers, sieves/sizing or vibrating components, and discharge points) None None.
Operate and maintain machine in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions
Use a ventilated booth that provides fresh, climate-controlled air to the operator, or a remote control station
(xvii) Heavy equipment and utility vehicles used to abrade or fracture silica-containing materials (e.g., hoe-ramming, rock ripping) or used during demolition activities involving silica-containing materials Operate equipment from within an enclosed cab
When employees outside of the cab are engaged in the task, apply water and/or dust suppressants as necessary to minimize dust emissions
None
None
None.
None.
(xviii) Heavy equipment and utility vehicles for tasks such as grading and excavating but not including: Demolishing, abrading, or fracturing silica-containing materials Apply water and/or dust suppressants as necessary to minimize dust emissions
OR
None None.
When the equipment operator is the only employee engaged in the task, operate equipment from within an enclosed cab None None.

(2) When implementing the control measures specified in Table 1, each employer shall: Open (c)(2) 17 citations

(i) For tasks performed indoors or in enclosed areas, provide a means of exhaust as needed to minimize the accumulation of visible airborne dust; 3 citations

(ii) For tasks performed using wet methods, apply water at flow rates sufficient to minimize release of visible dust; Open (c)(2)(ii) 13 citations

(iii) For measures implemented that include an enclosed cab or booth, ensure that the enclosed cab or booth: 1 citations

(A) Is maintained as free as practicable from settled dust;

(B) Has door seals and closing mechanisms that work properly;

(C) Has gaskets and seals that are in good condition and working properly;

(D) Is under positive pressure maintained through continuous delivery of fresh air;

(E) Has intake air that is filtered through a filter that is 95% efficient in the 0.3-10.0 µm range (e.g., MERV-16 or better); and

(F) Has heating and cooling capabilities.

(3) Where an employee performs more than one task on Table 1 during the course of a shift, and the total duration of all tasks combined is more than four hours, the required respiratory protection for each task is the respiratory protection specified for more than four hours per shift. If the total duration of all tasks on Table 1 combined is less than four hours, the required respiratory protection for each task is the respiratory protection specified for less than four hours per shift. 1 citations

Source: eCFR, text current as of 2026-10-15. Read all of 1926.1153.

Injuries linked to this rule

4 deaths are linked to inspections where OSHA cited 1926.1153(c).

Employee is struck by demo-saw blade and later dies
2024-11-01 · Fatal · AUBURN, NY

At 11:50 a.m. on November 1, 2024, Employee #1 was using a demo-saw to fit two sections of granite curbstone. The saw kicked back, causing the employee to losehis grip on the trigger with his right hand while the saw continued rotating in his left…

See all 4 cases

Full case list with employer, penalty, filters and download is part of OSHA Data (Purple Belt).

Unlock with Purple Belt

Where and how often it was cited

YearCitations
202368
2024334
2025319
2026211

Top states: IL (126), MI (106), GA (83), TX (77), NC (46)

Largest penalties

EmployerLocationPenalty for this rule
PESKA CONSTRUCTION, INC.SIOUX FALLS, SD$75,400
KIMBERLY CONSTRUCTION, LLCCHICAGO, IL$34,048
KIMBERLY CONSTRUCTION, LLCWINNETKA, IL$33,103
ALLIANCE CONTRACTORS, INC.SKOKIE, IL$17,500
KREATIVE SCAPE INCTINLEY PARK, IL$16,552

Free toolbox talk

A 5-minute crew talk on 1926.1153(c), plus alerts when this rule changes. Free.




OSHA interpretation letters

Related parts of this rule

Get your crew competent

Trainers on Black Belt Safety: Marc Harvey, Dana Reyes

Trainers and suppliers: feature your business on this rule for $25/month.

Frequently asked questions

What is Table 1 in the silica rule?

A list of common construction tasks with the specific dust controls and respirator protection required for each.

Do employers have to use Table 1?

No. They can follow Table 1 fully, or instead assess and limit exposure under paragraph (d).

Is a respirator needed with a handheld power saw?

With a water-fed saw, Table 1 requires no respirator outdoors and APF 10 indoors or in an enclosed area.

About this page

Sources

3-year window. Federal OSHA only; state-plan rules are not counted. Plain-language text is a summary, not legal advice; the official text controls. Black Belt Safety is not part of OSHA or the Department of Labor.

Written and reviewed by

Black Belt Safety Editorial Team

Site Safety Officer and Safety Professional

OSHA 30 · CPR · USACE CQM

Written and reviewed by the Black Belt Safety team. Every post is checked against the OSHA standard or agency source it cites.

Desplácese hacia arriba